xxi
FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE	vii
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION	xv
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION	xvii
LIST OF WORKS MOST OFTEN REFERRED TO	lxiii
ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THIRD EDITION	lxxv
PART I — INTRODUCTION	1-139
CHAPTER I. New Material	3-30
The Ideal Grammar?	3
I. The Pre-Winer Period	3
II. The Service of Winer	4
(a) Winer's Inconsistencies	4
(b) Winer Epoch-Making	4
(c) Schmiedel	4
(d) Buttmann	5
(e) Blass	5
III. The Modern Period	5
(a) Deissmann	5
(b) Thumb	6
(c) Moulton	6
(d) Other Contributions	6
(c) Richness of Material	7
IV. The New Grammatical Equipment	8
(a) Comparative Philology	8
1. The Linguistic Revolution	8
2. A Sketch of Greek Grammatical History	8
3. The Discovery of Sanskrit	10
4. From Bopp to Brugmann	10
(b) Advance in General Greek Grammar	12
(c) Critical Editions of Greek Authors	13
(d) Works on Individual Writers	13
(e) The Greek Inscriptions	14
(f) Fuller Knowledge of the Dialects	16
(g) The Papyri and Ostraca	17
(h) The Byzantine and the Modern Greek	21

xxii
(i) The Hebrew and Aramaic	24
1. The Old View	24
2. A Change with Kennedy	25
3. Deissmann's Revolt	25
4. The Language of Jesus	26
(j) Grammatical Commentaries	29
V. The New Point of View	30
CHAPTER II. The Historical Method	31-48
I. Language as History	31
(a) Combining the Various Elements	31
(b) Practical Grammar a Compromise	32
II. Language as a Living Organism	33
(a) The Origin of Language	33
(b) Evolution in Language	34
(c) Change Chiefly in the Vernacular	34
III. Greek Not an Isolated Language	36
(a) The Importance of Comparative Grammar	36
(b) The Common Bond in Language	37
(c) The Original Indo-Germanic Speech	38
(d) Greek as a "Dialect" of the Indo-Germanic Speech	39
IV. Looking at the Greek Language as a Whole	40
(a) Descriptive Historical Grammar	41
(b) Unity of the Greek Language	41
(c) Periods of the Greek Language	43
(d) Modern Greek in Particular	44
V. The Greek Point of View	46
CHAPTER III. The Koinh,	49-75
I. The Term Koinh,	49
II. The Origin of the Koinh,	51
(a) Triumph of the Attic	51
(b) Fate of the Other Dialects	52
(c) Partial Koines	53
(d) Effects of Alexander's Campaigns	53
(e) The March toward Universalism	54
III. The Spread of the Koinh,	54
(a) A World-Speech	54
(b) Vernacular and Literary	56
1. Vernacular	56
2. Literary	57
(c) The Atticistic Reaction	58

xxiii
IV. The Characteristics of the Vernacular Koinh,	60
(a) Vernacular Attic the Base	60
(b) The Other Dialects in the Koinh,	62
(c) Non-Dialectical Changes	64
(d) New Words, New Forms, or New Meanings to Old Words	65
(e) Provincial Influences	66
(f) The Personal Equation	69
(g) Résumé	71
Phonetics and Orthography	71
Vocabulary	72
Word-Formation	72
Accidence	72
Syntax	73
V. The Adaptability of the Koinh, to the Roman World	74
CHAPTER IV. The Place of the New Testament in the Koinh,	76-139
I. The New Testament Chiefly in the Vernacular Koinh,	76
(a) Not a Biblical Greek	76
(b) Proof that N. T. Greek is in the Vernacular Koinh,	79
Lexical	80
Grammatical	82
II. Literary Elements in the New Testament Greek	83
III. The Semitic Influence	88
(a) The Tradition	88
(b) The View of Deissmann and Moulton	89
(c) Little Direct Hebrew Influence	94
(d) A Deeper Impress by the Septuagint	96
(e) Aramaisms	102
(f) Varying Results	106
IV. Latinisms and Other Foreign Words	108
V. The Christian Addition	112
VI. Individual Peculiarities	116
(a) Mark	118
(b) Matthew	119
(c) Luke	120
(d) James	123
(e) Jude	124
(f) Peter	125
(g) Paul	127
(h) Writer of Hebrews	132
(i) John	133
VII. N. T. Greek Illustrated by the Modern Greek Vernacular	137

xxiv
PART II— ACCIDENCE	141-376
CHAPTER V. Word-Formation	143-176
I. Etymology	143
II. Roots	144
III. Words, with Formative Suffixes	146
(a) Verbs	146
1. Primary or Primitive Verbs	146
2. Secondary or Derivative Verbs	147
(b) Substantives	150
1. Primary or Primitive Substantives	150
2. Secondary or Derivative Substantives	151
( a) Those from verbs	151
( b) Those from substantives	154
( g) Those from adjectives	156
(c) Adjectives	157
1. Primary or Primitive Adjectives	157
2. Secondary or Derivative Adjectives	158
( a) Those from verbs	158
( b) Those from substantives	158
( g) Those from adjectives	159
( d) Those from adverbs	160
(d) The Adverb	160
IV. Words Formed by Composition (Composita)	160
(a) Kinds of Compound Words in Greek	161
(b) Inseparable Prefixes	161
(c) Agglutinative Compounds (Juxtaposition or Parathesis)	163
1. Verbs	163
2. Substantives	165
3. Adjectives	168
4. Adverbs	169
V. Personal Names Abbreviated or Hypocoristic	171
VI. The History of Words	173
VII. The Kinship of Greek Words	174
VIII. Contrasts in Greek Words or Synonyms	175
CHAPTER VI. Orthography and Phonetics	177-245
I. The Uncertainty of the Evidence	177
(a) The Ancient Literary Spelling	177
(b) The Dialect-Coloured Vernacular	178
(c) The Uncials	179
(d) The Papyri	181

xxv
II. Vowel-Changes	181
(a) The Changes (Interchanges) with a	182
a and e	183
e and a	184
a and h	184
a and o	184
a and w	184
a and ai	185
a and au	185
ai and e	186
(b) The Changes with e	187
e and ei	187
e and h	187
e and i	188
e and o	189
e=a,n and a;n	190
(c) The Changes with h	191
h and i	191
h and ei	192
hi and ei	193
h and h|	194
h and u	195
(d) The Changes with i	195
i and ei	195
ei and i	197
i and o	198
i and oi	198
i and u	198
(e) The Changes with o	199
o and ou	199
o and u	200
o and w	200
w and o	201
(f) The Changes with u	201
u and eu	201
o and o u	202
(g) The Changes with w	202
w and ou	202
w and wu?	203
(h) Contraction and Syncope	203
(i) Diphthongs and Dieresis	204
(j) Aphaeresis and Prothetic Vowels	205
(k) Elision	206
(l) Crisis	208
III. Consonant-Changes	209
(a.) Origin and Character of the Consonants	209
(b) The Insertion of Consonants	210

xxvi
(c) The Omission of Consonants	210
(d) Single or Double Consonants	211
(e) Assimilation of Consonants	215
(f) Interchange and Changing Value of Consonants	217
(g) Aspiration of Consonants	219
(h) Variable Final Consonants	219
(i) Metathesis	221
IV. Breathings	221
(a) Origin of the Aspirate	221
(b) Increasing De-aspiration (Psilosis)	222
(c) Variations in the MSS. (Aspiration and Psilosis)	223
(d) Transliterated Semitic Words	225
(e) The Use of Breathings with r and rr	225
(f) The Question of Au`tou/	226
V. Accent	226
(a) The Age of Greek Accent	226
(b) Significance of Accent in the Koinh,	228
(c) Signs of Accent	229
(d) Later Developments in Accent	229
(e) N. T. Peculiarities	230
1. Shortening Stem-Vowels	230
2. Separate Words	231
3. Difference in Sense	232
4. Enclitics (and Proclitics)	233
5. Proper Names	235
6. Foreign Words	235
VI. Pronunciation in the Koinh,	236
VII. Punctuation	241
(a) The Paragraph	241
(b) Sentences	242
(c) Words	243
(d) The Editor's Prerogative	244
CHAPTER VII. The Declensions	246-302
I. The Substantive	246
1. History of the Declensions	246
2. The Number of the Cases	247
(a) The History of the Forms of the Cases	247
(b) The Blending of Case-Endings	249
(c) Origin of Case-Suffixes	250
3. Number in Substantives	251
4. Gender in Substantives	252
(a) Variations in Gender	252

xxvii
(b) Interpretation of the LXX	254
(c) Variations Due to Heteroclisis and Metaplasm	254
5. The First or a Declension	254
(a) The Doric Genitive-Ablative Singular a	254
(b) The Attic Genitive-Ablative Singular	255
(c) Vocative in — a of masc. nouns in — thj	256
(d) Words in — ra and Participles in — ui/a	256
(e) The Opposite Tendency to (d)	256
(f) Double Declension	257
(g) Heteroclisis and Metaplasm	257
(h) Indeclinable Substantives	259
6. The Second or o Declension	259
(a) The So-Called Attic Second Declension	260
(b) Contraction	260
(c) The Vocative	261
(d) Heteroclisis and Metaplasm	261
(e) The Mixed Declension	263
(f) Proper Names	263
7. The Third Declension (consonants and close vowels i and u)	263
(a) The Nominative as Vocative	264
(b) The Accusative Singular	264
(c) The Accusative Plural	265
(d) Peculiarities in the Nominative	267
(e) The Genitive-Ablative Forms	268
(f) Contraction	268
(g) Proper Names	268
(h) Heteroclisis and Metaplasm	269
8. Indeclinable Words	269
II. The Adjective	270
1. The Origin of the Adjective	270
2. Inflection of Adjectives	271
(a) Adjectives with One Termination	271
(b) Adjectives with Two Terminations	272
(c) Adjectives with Three Terminations	273
(d) The Accusative Singular	274
(e) Contraction in Adjectives	274
(f) Indeclinable Adjectives	275
3. Comparison of Adjectives	276
(a) The Positive	276
(b) The Comparative	276
(c) The Superlative	278
III. Numerals	281
1. The Origin of Numerals	281
2. Variety among Numerals	281
(a) Different Functions	281
(b) The Cardinals	281

xxviii
(c) The Ordinals	283
(d) Distributives in the N. T.	284
(e) Numeral Adverbs	284
IV. Pronouns	284
1. Idea of Pronouns	284
2. Antiquity of Pronouns	285
3. Pronominal Roots	285
4. Classification	286
(a) The Personal Pronouns	286
(b) The Intensive Pronoun	287
(c) Reflexive Pronouns	287
(d) Possessive Pronouns	288
(e) Demonstrative Pronouns	289
(f) Relative Pronouns	290
(g) Interrogative Pronouns	291
(h) Indefinite Pronouns	292
(i) Distributive and Reciprocal Pronouns	292
V. Adverbs	293
1. Neglect of Adverbs	293
2. Formation of the Adverb	294
(a) Fixed Cases	294
(1) The Accusative	294
(2) The Ablative	295
(3) The Genitive	295
(4) The Locative	295
(5) The Instrumental	295
(6) The Dative	296
(b) Suffixes	296
(c) Compound Adverbs	296
(d) Analogy	297
(e) The Comparison of Adverbs	297
3. Adverbial Stems	297
(a) Substantives	298
(b) Adjectives	298
(c) Numerals	298
(d) Pronouns	298
(e) Verbs	298
4. Use of Adverbs	299
(a) Adverbs of Manner	299
(b) Adverbs of Place	299
(c) Adverbs of Time	300
5. Scope of Adverbs	300
(a) Relation between Adverbs and Prepositions	301
(b) Adverbs and Conjunctions	301
(c) Adverbs and Intensive Particles	302
(d) Adverbs and Interjections	302

xxix
CHAPTER VIII. Conjugation of the Verb	303-376
I. Difficulty of the Subject	303
II. Nature of the Verb	303
(a) Verb and Noun	303
(b) Meaning of the Verb	304
(c) Pure and Hybrid Verbs	304
III. The Building of the Verb	305
IV. The Survival of – mi Verbs	306
(a) A Cross Division	306
(b) The Oldest Verbs	306
(c) Gradual Disappearance	306
(d) N. T. Usage as to - mi Verbs	307
1. The Second Aorists (active and middle)	307
2. Some - mi Presents	311
3. Some – mi Perfects	319
V. The Modes	320
(a) The Number of the Moods or Modes (Modi)	320
(b) The Distinctions between the Moods	321
(c) The Indicative	322
(d) The Subjunctive	323
(e) The Optative	325
(f) The Imperative	327
1. The Non-Thematic Stem	327
2. The Thematic Stem	327
3. The Suffix – qi	328
4. The Suffix - tw	328
5. The Old Injunctive Mood	328
6. Forms in — sai	329
7. The Form in – son	329
8. First Person	329
9. Prohibitions	330
10. Perfect Imperative	330
11. Periphrastic Presents	330
12. Circumlocutions	330
VI. The Voices	330
(a) Transitive and Intransitive	330
(b) The Names of the Voices	331
(c) The Relative Age of the Voices	332
(d) The So-Called "Deponent" Verbs	332
(e) The Passive Supplanting the Middle	333
(f) The Personal Endings	335
(g) Cross-Divisions	335
(h) The Active Endings	335

xxx
(i) The Middle Endings	339
(j) Passive Endings	340
(k) Contract Verbs	341
VII. The Tenses	343
(a) The Term Tense	343
(b) Confusion in Names	344
(c) The Verb-Root	344
(d) The Aorist Tense	345
(e) The Present Tense	350
1. The Root Class	350
2. The Non-Thematic Reduplicated Present	350
3. The Non-Thematic Present with – na– and – nu--	351
4. The Simple Thematic Present	351
5. The Reduplicated Thematic Present	351
6. The Thematic Present with a Suffix	351
( a) The i class	351
( b) The n class	352
( g) The sk class	352
( d) The t class	352
( e) The q class	353
(f) The Future Tense	353
(g) The Perfect Tenses	357
1. The Name	357
2. The Original Perfect	357
3. The k Perfect	358
4. The Aspirated Perfects	359
5. Middle and Passive Forms	359
6. The Decay of the Perfect Forms	359
7. The Perfect in the Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative	360
8. The Perfect Indicative	360
9. S in Perfect Middle and Passive and Aorist Passive	362
(h) Reduplication	362
1. Primitive	362
2. Both Nouns and Verbs	362
3. In Three Tenses in Verbs	362
4. Three Methods in Reduplication	363
5. Reduplication in the Perfect	363
(i) Augment	365
1. The Origin of Augment	365
2. Where Found	365
3. The Purpose of Augment	365
4. The Syllabic Augment	365
5. The Temporal Augment	366
6. Compound Verbs	367
7. Double Augment	367
VIII. The Infinitive	368
1. No Terminology at First	368

xxxi
2. Fixed Case-Forms	368
3. With Voice and Tense	369
4. No Personal Endings	370
5. Dative and Locative in Form	370
6. The Presence of the Article	371
7. The Disappearance of the Infinitive	371
8. Some N. T. Forms	371
IX. The Participle	371
1. The Name	371
2. Verbal Adjectives	372
3. True Participles	373
4. In Periphrastic Use	374
PART III — SYNTAX	377-1208
CHAPTER IX. The Meaning of Syntax	379-389
I. Backwardness in the Study of Syntax	379
II. New Testament Limitations	381
III. Recent Advance by Delbruck	383
IV. The Province of Syntax	384
(a) The Word Syntax	384
(b) Scope of Syntax	385
(c) Construction of Words and Clauses	385
(d) Historical Syntax	386
(e) Irregularities	386
V. The Method of this Grammar	387
(a) Principles, not Rules	387
(b) The Original Significance	387
(c) Form and Function	387
(d) Development	388
(e) Context	388
(f) Translation	389
(g) Limits of Syntax	389
CHAPTER X. The Sentence	390-445
I. The Sentence and Syntax	390
II. The Sentence Defined	390
(a) Complex Conception	390
(b) Two Essential Parts	390
(c) One-Membered Sentence	391
(d) Elliptical Sentence	391
(e) Only Predicate	391
(f) Only Subject	393
(g) Verb not the Only Predicate	394

xxxii
(h) Copula not Necessary	395
(i) The Two Radiating Foci of the Sentence	396
(j) Varieties of the Simple Sentence	397
III. The Expansion of the Subject	397
(a) Idea-Words and Form-Words	397
(b) Concord and Government	397
(c) The Group around the Subject	398
1. Subordinate Clause	398
2. With the Article	398
3. The Adverb	398
4. The Adjective	398
5. The Substantive	398
( a) By an oblique case	398
( b) Apposition	398
IV. The Expansion of the Predicate	400
(a) Predicate in Wider Sense	400
(b) The Infinitive and the Participle	400
(c) The Relation between the Predicate and Substantives	400
(d) The Pronoun	400
(e) Adjectives	401
(f) The Adverb	401
(g) Prepositions	401
(h) Negative Particles ou= and mh,	401
(i) Subordinate Clauses	401
(j) Apposition with the Predicate and Looser Amplifications	401
V. Subordinate Centres in the Sentence	402
VI. Concord in Person	402
VII. Concord in Number	403
(a) Subject and Predicate	403
1. Two Conflicting Principles	403
2. Neuter Plural and Singular Verb	403
3. Collective Substantives	404
4. The Pindaric Construction	404
5. Singular Verb with First Subject	405
6. The Literary Plural	406
(b) Substantive and Adjective	407
(c) Representative Singular	408
(d) Idiomatic Plural in Nouns	408
(e) Idiomatic Singular in Nouns	409
(f) Special Instances	409
VIII. Concord in Gender	410
(a) Fluctuations in Gender	410
(b) The Neuter Singular	411

xxxiii
(c) Explanatory o[ e=stin and tou/t = e;stin	411
(d) The Participle	412
(e) Adjectives	412
IX. Concord in Case	413
(a) Adjectives	413
(b) Participles	413
(c) The Book of Revelation	413
(d) Other Peculiarities in Apposition	416
(e) The Absolute Use of the Cases (nominative, genitive, ablative and accusative)	416
X. Position of Words in the Sentence	417
(a) Freedom from Rules	417
(b) Predicate often First	417
(c) Emphasis	417
(d) The Minor Words in a Sentence	418
(e) Euphony and Rhythm	419
(f) Prolepsis	423
(g) Hysteron Proteron	423
(h) Hyperbaton	423
(i) Postpositives	424
(j) Fluctuating Words	424
(k) The Order of Clauses in Compound Sentences	425
XI. Compound Sentences	425
(a) Two Kinds of Sentences	425
(b) Two Kinds of Compound Sentences	426
(c) Paratactic Sentences	426
(d) Hypotactic Sentences	426
XII. Connection in Sentences	427
(a) Single Words	427
(b) Clauses	428
1. Paratactic Sentences	428
2. Hypotactic Sentences	429
3. The Infinitive and Participle as Connectives	431
(c) Two Kinds of Style	432
(d) The Parenthesis	433
(e) Anacoluthon	435
1. The Suspended Subject	436
2. Digression	437
3. The Participle in Anacolutha	439
4. Asyndeton Due to Absence of de, and a=lla,	440
(f) Oratio Variata	440
1. Distinction from Anacoluthon	440
2. Heterogeneous Structure	441

xxxiv
3. Participles in Oratio Variata	442
4. Exchange of Direct and Indirect Discourse	442
(g) Connection between Separate Sentences	443
(h) Connection between Paragraphs	444
XIII. Forecast	444
CHAPTER XI. The Cases	446-543
I. History of the Interpretation of the Greek Cases	446
(a) Confusion	446
(b) Bopp's Contribution	446
(c) Modern Usage	447
(d) Green's Classification	447
(e) Syncretism of the Cases	448
(f) Freedom in Use of Case	448
II. The Purpose of the Cases	449
(a) Aristotle's Usage	449
(b) Word-Relations	449
III. The Encroachment of Prepositions on the Cases	450
(a) The Reason	450
(b) No "Governing" of Cases	450
(c) Not Used Indifferently	450
(d) Original Use with Local Cases	451
(e) Increasing Use of Prepositions	451
(f) Distinction Preserved in the N. T	452
IV. The Distinctive Idea of Each of the Cases	453
(a) Fundamental Idea	453
(b) Cases not Used for One Another	454
(c) Vitality of Case-Idea	454
(d) The Historical Development of the Cases	454
(e) The Method of this Grammar	456
V. The Nominative Case	456
(a) Not the Oldest Case	456
(b) Reason for the Case	457
(c) Predicate Nominative	457
(d) Sometimes Unaltered	458
(e) The Nominative Absolute	459
(f) The Parenthetic Nominative	460
(g) In Exclamations	461
(h) Used as Vocative	461
VI. The Vocative Case	461
(a) Nature of the Vocative	461

xxxv
(b) Various Devices	462
(c) Use of w= with the Vocative	463
(d) Adjectives Used with the Vocative	464
(e) Apposition to the Vocative	464
(f) Vocative in Predicate	464
(g) The Article with the Vocative	465
VII. The Accusative Case	466
(a) The Name	466
(b) Age and History	466
(c) The Meaning of the Accusative	467
(d) With Verbs of Motion	468
(e) Extent of Space	469
(f) Extent of Time	469
(g) With Transitive Verbs	471
(h) The Cognate Accusative	477
(i) Double Accusative	479
(j) With Passive Verbs	484
(k) The Adverbial Accusative	486
(1) The Accusative by Antiptosis	488
(m) The Accusative by Inverse Attraction	488
(n) The Accusative with the Infinitive	489
(o) The Accusative Absolute	490
(p) The Accusative with Prepositions	491
VIII. The Genitive (True) Case	491
(a) Two Cases with One Form	491
(b) Name Incorrect	492
(c) The Specifying Case	493
(d) The Local Use	494
(e) The Temporal Use	495
(f) With Substantives	495
1. The Possessive Genitive	495
2. Attributive Genitive	496
3. The Predicate Genitive	497
4. Apposition or Definition	498
5. The Subjective Genitive	499
6. The Objective Genitive	499
7. Genitive of Relationship	501
8. Partitive Genitive	502
9. The Position of the Genitive	502
10. Concatenation of Genitives	503
(g) The Genitive with Adjectives	503
(h) The Genitive with Adverbs and Prepositions	505
(i) The Genitive with Verbs	505

xxxvi
1. Very Common	506
2. Fading Distinction from Accusative	506
3. Verbs of Sensation	507
4. Verbs of Emotion	508
5. Verbs of Sharing, Partaking and Filling	509
6. Verbs of Ruling	510
7. Verbs of Buying, Selling, Being Worthy of	510
8. Verbs of Accusing and Condemning	511
9. Genitive Due to Prepositions in Composition	511
10. Attraction of the Relative	512
(j) The Genitive of the Infinitive	512
(k) The Genitive Absolute	512
IX. The Ablative Case	514
(a) The Name	514
(b) The Meaning	514
(c) Rare with Substantives	514
(d) The Ablative with Adjectives	515
(e) The Ablative, with Prepositions	516
(f) The Ablative with Verbs	517
1. Verbs of Departure and Removal	518
2. Verbs of Ceasing, Abstaining	518
3. Verbs of Missing, Lacking, Despairing	518
4. Verbs of Differing, Excelling	519
5. Verbs of Asking and Hearing	519
6. Verbs with the Partitive Idea	519
7. Attraction of the Relative	519
X. The Locative Case	520
(a) The Name Locative	520
(b) The Significance of the Locative	520
(c) Place	521
(d) Time	522
(e) Locative with Adjectives	523
(f) Locative with Verbs	523
(g) The Locative, with Substantives	524
(h) The Locative with Prepositions	524
(i) The Pregnant Construction of the Locative	525
XI. The Instrumental Case	525
(a) The Term Instrumental	525
(b) Syncretistic?	526
(c) Place	526
(d) Time	527
(e) The Associative Idea	528
(f) With Words of Likeness and Identity	530
(g) Manner	530

xxxvii
(h) Degree of Difference	532
(i) Cause	532
(j) Means	532
(k) With Prepositions	534
XII. The Dative (True) Case	535
(a) Syncretism	535
(b) The Decay of the Dative	535
(c) The Idea of the Dative	536
(d) The Dative with Substantives	536
(e) With Adjectives	537
(f) With Adverbs and Prepositions	537
(g) With Verbs	538
1. Indirect Object	538
2. Dativus Commodi vel Incommodi (Ethical)	538
3. Direct Object	539
4. The Dative with Intransitive Verbs	541
5. Possession	541
6. Infinitive as Final Dative	541
7. The Dative of the Agent	542
8. The Dative because of the Preposition	542
(h) Ambiguous Examples	543
CHAPTER XII. Adverbs	544-552
I. Special Difficulties	544
(a) Nature of the Adverb	544
(b) The Narrower Sense of Adverb	544
II. Adverbs with Verbs	545
(a) Commonest Use	545
(b) N. T. Usage	545
(c) Predicative Uses with gi,nomai and ei=mi	545
(d) With e;cw	546
(e) With Participles	546
(f) Loose Relation to the Verb	546
III. Adverbs Used with Other Adverbs	546
IV. Adverbs with Adjectives	546
V. Adverbs with Substantives	547
VI. Adverbs Treated as Substantives	547
VII. The Pregnant Use of Adverbs	548
VIII. Adverbs as Marks of Style	548
IX. The Adverb Distinguished from the Adjective	549
(a) Different Meaning	549
(b) Difference in Greek and English Idiom	549

xxxviii
X. Adverbial Phrases	550
(a) Incipient Adverbs	550
(b) Prepositional Phrases	550
(c) Participles	551
(d) The Verb Used Adverbially	551
CHAPTER XIII. Prepositions	553-649
I. The Name	553
(a) Some Postpositive	553
(b) Not Originally Used with Verbs	553
(c) Explanation	553
II. The Origin of Prepositions	554
(a) Originally Adverbs	554
(b) Reason for Use Of Prepositions	554
(c) Varying History	555
III. Growth in the Use of Prepositions	555
(a) Once No Prepositions	555
(b) The Prepositions Still Used as Adverbs in Homer	555
(c) Decreasing Use as Adverbs after Homer	555
(d) Semitic Influence in N. T.	556
(e) In Modern Greek	557
IV. Prepositions in Composition with Verbs	557
(a) Not the Main Function	557
(b) Preposition Alone	558
(c) Increasing Use	558
(d) Repetition after Verb	559
(e) Different Preposition after Verb	560
(f) Second Preposition Not Necessary	562
(g) Effect of Preposition on Meaning of the Verb	562
(h) Dropping the Preposition with Second Verb	563
(i) Intensive or Perfective	563
(j) Double Compounds	565
V. Repetition and Variation of Prepositions	565
(a) Same Preposition with Different Cases	565
(b) Repetition with Several Nouns	566
(c) Repetition with the Relative	566
(d) Condensation by Variation	567
VI. The Functions of Prepositions with Cases	567
(a) The Case before Prepositions	567
(b) Notion of Dimension	567
(c) Original Force of the Case	567

xxxix
(d) The Ground-Meaning of the Preposition	568
(e) The Oblique Cases Alone with Prepositions	568
(f) Original Freedom	568
(g) No Adequate Division by Cases	569
(h) Situation in the N. T.	569
1. Those with One Case	570
2. Those with Two Cases	570
3. Those with Three Cases	570
4. Possibly Four with e=pi,	570
(i) Each Preposition in a Case	570
VII. Proper Prepositions in the N. T	571
(a) =Ana,	571
(b) =Anti,	572
(c) =Apo,	574
1. Original Significance	575
2. Meaning 'Back'	576
3. "Translation-Hebraism" in fobei/sqai a=po,	577
4. Comparison with e=k	577
5. Comparison with para,	578
6. Compared with u`po,	579
(d) Dia,	580
1. The Root-Idea	580
2. 'By Twos' or 'Between'	580
3. 'Passing Between' or 'Through'	581
4. 'Because of'	583
(e) =En	584
1. Old Use of e=n with Accusative or Locative	584
2. =En Older than ei=j	585
3. Place	586
4. Expressions of Time	586
5. 'Among'	587
6. 'In the Case of,' 'in the Person of' or simply 'in'	587
7. As a Dative?	588
8. Accompanying Circumstance	588
9. 'Amounting to,' ‘Occasion,’ ‘Sphere’	589
10. Instrumental Use of e=n	589
(f) Ei=j	591
1. Original Static Use	591
2. With Verbs of Motion	593
3. With Expressions of Time	594
4. Like a Dative	594
5. Aim or Purpose	594
6. Predicative Use	595
7. Compared with e=pi, and pro,j	596
(g) =Ek	596
1. Meaning	596
2. In Composition	596

xl
3. Place	597
4. Time	597
5. Separation	597
6. Origin or Source	598
7. Cause or Occasion	598
8. The Partitive Use of e=k	599
9. =Ek and e=n	599
(h) =Epi,	600
1. Ground-Meaning	600
2. In Composition in the N. T	600
3. Frequency in N. T.	600
4. With the Accusative	601
5. With the Genitive	602
6. With the Locative	604
7. The True Dative	605
(i) Kata,	605
1. Root-Meaning	605
2. Distributive Sense	606
3. kata, in Composition	606
4. With the Ablative	606
5. With the Genitive	607
6. With the Accusative	607
(j) Meta,	609
1. The Root-Meaning	609
2. In Composition	609
3. Compared with aim	609
4. Loss of the Locative Use	610
5. With the Genitive	610
6. With the Accusative	612
(k) Para,	612
1. Significance	612
2. Compared with pro,j	613
3. In Composition	613
4. With the Locative	614
5. With the Ablative	614
6. With the Accusative	615
(l) Peri,	616
1. The Root-Meaning	617
2. In Composition	617
3. Originally Four Cases Used	617
4. With the Ablative	617
5. With the Genitive	618
6. With the Accusative	619
(m) Pro,	620
1. The Original Meaning	620
2. In Composition	620
3. The Cases Used with pro,	621
4. Place	621

xli
5. Time	621
6. Superiority	622
(n) Pro,j	622
1. The Meaning	622
2. In Composition	623
3. Originally with Five Cases	623
4. The Ablative	623
5. With the Locative	624
6. With the Accusative	624
(o) Su,n	626
1. The Meaning	626
2. History	627
3. In Composition	627
4. N. T. Usage	628
(p) `Upe,r	628
1. The Meaning	629
2. In Composition	629
3. With Genitive?	629
4. With Ablative	630
5. The Accusative with u`pe,r	632
(q) `Upo,	633
1. The Original Meaning	633
2. In Composition	633
3. The Cases Once Used with u`po,	634
4. With the Accusative	635
5. With the Ablative	635
VIII. The "Adverbial" Prepositions	638
1. [Ama	638
2. ;Aneu	638
3. ;Antikru$j%	638
4. =Anti,pera	638
5. =Ape,nanti	639
6. ;Ater	639
7. ;Acri$j%	639
8. =Eggu,j	639
9. =Ekto,j	640
10. ;Emprosqen	640
11. ;Enanti	640
12. =Enanti,on	640
13. [Eneka	641
14. =Ento,j	641
15. =Enw,pion	641
16. ;Exw	642
17. ;Exwqen	642
18. =EpÄa,nw	642
19. =Epe,keina	642
20. ;Esw	642
21. ;Ewj	643
22. Kate,nanti	643

xlii
23. Katenw,pion	644
24. Kuklo,qen	644
25. Ku,klw|	644
26. Me,son	644
27. Metaxu,	645
28. Me,cri	645
29. ;Opisqen	645
30. =Opi,sw	645
31. =Oye,	645
32. ParaÄplh,sion	646
33. ParÄekto,j	646
34. Pe,ran	646
35. Plh,n	646
36. Plhsi,on	646
37. `UperÄa,nw	646
38. `UperÄe,keina	647
39. `UperÄe=kÄperissou/	647
40. `UpoÄka,tw	647
41. Ca,rin	647
42. Cwri,j	647
IX. Compound Prepositions	648
X. Prepositional Circumlocutions	648
(a) Me,son	648
(b) ;Onoma	649
(c) Pro,swpon	649
(d) Sto,ma	649
(e) Cei,r	649
CHAPTER XIV. Adjectives	650-675
I. Origin of Adjectives	650
II. The Adjectival or Appositional Use of the Substantive	651
III. The Adjective as Substantive	652
(a) Any Gender	652
(b) With Masculine Adjectives	652
(c) With Feminine Adjectives	652
(d) With the Neuter	653
IV. Agreement of Adjectives with Substantives	654
(a) In Number	654
(b) In Gender	655
(c) In Case	655
(d) Two or More Adjectives	655
V. The Attributive Adjective	655
VI. The Predicate Adjective	656
VII. Adjective Rather than Adverb	657

xliii
VIII. The Personal Construction	657
IX. Adjectives Used with Cases	658
X. Adjectives with the Infinitive and Clauses	658
XI. The Adjective as Adverb	659
XII. The Positive Adjective	659
(a) Relative Contrast	659
(b) Used as Comparative or Superlative	660
(c) With Prepositions	661
(d) Comparison Implied by	661
(e) In Absolute Sense	661
XIII. The Comparative Adjective	662
(a) Contrast or Duality	662
(b) Degree	663
(c) Without Suffixes	663
(d) Double Comparison	663
(e) Without Object of Comparison	664
(f) Followed by	666
(g) Followed by the Ablative	666
(h) Followed by Prepositions	667
(i) The Comparative Displacing the Superlative	667
XIV. The Superlative Adjective	669
(a) The Superlative Vanishing	669
(b) A Few True Superlatives in the N. T.	669
(c) The Elative Superlative	670
(d) No Double Superlatives	670
(e) Followed by Ablative	670
(f) No "Hebraistic" Superlative	671
XV. Numerals	671
(a) Ei-j and Prw/toj	671
(b) The Simplification of the "Teens"	672
(c) The Inclusive Ordinal	672
(d) The Distributives	673
(e) The Cardinal `Epta,	673
(f) Substantive Not Expressed	674
(g) Adverbs with Numerals	674
(h) Ei-j as Indefinite Article	674
(i) Ei-j Ê Tij	675
(j) The Distributive Use of Ei-j	675
CHAPTER XV. Pronouns	676-753
I. Personal. Pronouns	676
(a) The Nominative	676
1. The First Person	677
2. The Second Person	678
3. The Third Person	679

xliv
(b) The Oblique Cases of the Personal Pronouns	680
1. Originally Reflexive	680
2. Au=tou/	681
3. Genitive for Possession	681
4. Enclitic Forms	681
(c) The Frequency of the Personal Pronouns	682
(d) Redundant	683
(e) According to Sense	683
(f) Repetition of the Substantive	684
II. The Possessive Pronouns	684
(a) Just the Article	684
(b) Only for First and Second Persons	684
(c) Emphasis, When Used	684
(d) With the Article	685
(e) Possessive and Genitive Together	685
(f) Objective Use	685
(g) Instead of Reflexive	685
III. The Intensive and Identical Pronoun	685
(a) The Nominative Use of Au=to,j	685
(b) Varying Degrees of Emphasis	686
(c) Au=to,j with ou-toj	686
(d) Au=to,j almost Demonstrative	686
(e) In the Oblique Cases	686
(f) Au=to,j Side by Side with the Reflexive	687
(g) `O au=to,j	687
IV. The Reflexive Pronoun	687
(a) Distinctive Use	687
(b) The Absence of the Reflexive from the Nominative	688
(c) The Indirect Reflexive	688
(d) In the Singular	688
(e) In the Plural	689
(f) Article with	690
(g) Reflexive in the Reciprocal Sense	690
(h) Reflexive with Middle Voice	690
(i) The Use of ;Idioj	691
V. The Reciprocal Pronoun	692
VI. Demonstrative Pronouns	693
(a) Nature	693
(b) Different Shades of Meaning	693
(c) `OÃ h`Ã to,	693
(d) [Oj	695
(e) [Ode	696

.xlv
(f) Ou-toj	697
1. The Purely Deictic	697
2. The Contemptuous Use of ou-toj	697
3. The Anaphoric Use	697
4. In Apposition	698
5. Use of the Article	700
6. Article Absent	701
7. Ou-toj in Contrast with e=kei/noj	702
8. As Antecedent of the Relative Pronoun	703
9. Gender and Number of Ou-toj	704
10. The Adverbial Uses of tou/to and tau/ta	704
11. The Phrase tou/t = e;stin	705
12. In Combination with Other Pronouns	705
13. Ellipsis of Ou-toj	705
14. Shift in Reference	706
(g) =Ekei/noj	706
1. The Purely Deictic	707
2. The Contemptuous Use	707
3. The Anaphoric	707
4. The Remote Object (Contrast)	707
5. Emphasis	708
6. With Apposition	708
7. Article with Nouns except when Predicate	708
8. As Antecedent to Relative	708
9. Gender and Number	708
10. Independent Use	709
(h) Au=to,j	709
(i) The Correlative Demonstratives	709
VII. Relative Pronouns	710
(a) List in the N T.	710
(b) The Name "Relative"	711
(c) A Bond between Clauses	711
(d) [Oj	711
1. In Homer	711
2. Comparison with Other Relatives	711
3. With Any Person	712
4. Gender	712
5. Number	714
6. Case	714
( a) Absence of attraction normal	714
( b) Cognate accusative	715
( g) Attraction to the case of the antecedent	715
( d) Inverse attraction	717
( e) Incorporation	718
7. Absence of Antecedent	719
8. Prepositions with the Antecedent and the Relative	721
9. Relative Phrases	721
10. Pleonastic Antecedent	722

xlvi
11. The Repetition of o[j	723
12. A Consecutive Idea	724
13. Causal	724
14. In Direct Questions	725
15. In Indirect Questions	725
16. The Idiom ou=dei,j e=stin o[j	726
(e) [Ostij	726
1. Varied Uses	726
2. The Distinction between o[j and o[stij	726
3. The Indefinite Use	727
4. The Definite Examples	727
5. Value of o[j?	728
6. Case	728
7. Number	729
8. Gender	729
9. Direct Questions	729
10. Indirect Questions	730
(f) Oi-oj	731
1. Relation to o[j	731
2. Incorporation	731
3. Indirect Question	731
4. Number	731
5. Oi-o,n te, e=stin	732
(g) `Opoi/oj	732
1. Qualitative	732
2. Double Office	732
3. Correlative	732
(h) [Osoj	732
1. Quantitative	732
2. Antecedent	732
3. Attraction	732
4. Incorporation	733
5. Repetition	733
6. With a;n	733
7. Indirect Questions	733
8. In Comparison	733
9. Adverbial	733
(i) `Hli,koj	733
(j) `O as Relative	734
VIII. Interrogative Pronouns	735
(a) Ti,j	735
1. Substantival or Adjectival	735
2. The Absence of Gender	735
3. Ti,j Ê poi/oj	735
4. Indeclinable ti,	736
5. Predicate Use of ti, with tou/to	736
6. In Alternative Questions	736
7. The Double Interrogative	737

xlvii
8. As Relative	737
9. Adverbial Use	738
10. With Prepositions	739
11. With Particles	739
12. As Exclamation	739
13. Indirect Questions	739
14. Ti,j or ti,j	739
(b) Poi/oj	740
1. Qualitative	740
2. Non-qualitative	740
3. In Indirect Questions	740
(c) Po,soj	740
1. Less Frequent than poi/oj	740
2. Meaning	740
3. In Indirect Questions	741
4. The Exclamatory Use	741
(d) Phli,koj	741
1. Rare	741
2. Indirect Questions	741
(e) Potapo,j	741
(f) Po,teroj	741
IX. Indefinite Pronouns	741
(a) Ti.j	741
1. The Accent	741
2. Relation to ti,j	741
3. Ti.j as Substantive	742
4. With Numerals= 'About'	742
5. With Substantives	742
6. With Adjectives	743
7. As Predicate	743
8. The Position of tij	743
9. As Antecedent	743
10. Alternative	743
11. The Negative Forms	743
12. Indeclinable ti	744
(b) Ei-j Ê Tij	744
(c) Pa/j = ‘any one'	744
(d) `O Dei/na	744
X. Alternative or Distributive Pronouns	744
(a) =Amfo,teroi	744
(b) [Ekastoj	745
1. Without Substantive	745
2. With Substantive	745
3. With ei-j	746
4. With Genitive	746
5. Partitive Apposition	746
6. Rare in Plural	746
7. Repetition	746

xlviii
(c) ;Alloj	746
1. Used absolutely= ‘An-other,’ ’One Other’	746
2. For Two	746
3. As Adjective	747
4. With the Article	747
5. The Use of a;lloj a;llo	747
6. In Contrast for 'Some - Others'	747
7. Ellipsis of a;lloj	747
8. The Use of a;lloj and e[teroj Together	747
9. =’Different’	747
10. =Allo,trioj	748
(d) ;Eteroj	748
1. Absolutely	748
2. With Article	748
3. Second of Pair	748
4. = 'Different'	748
5. = 'Another' of Three or More	749
6. In Contrast	749
(e) Other Antithetic Pronouns	750
XI. Negative Pronouns	750
(a) Ou=dei,j	750
1. History	750
2. Ou=qei,j	750
3. Gender	751
4. Ou=de. ei-j	751
5. Ei-j— ou=	751
(b) Mhdei,j	751
(c) Ou;tij and Mh,tij	751
(d) With Pa/j	752
1. Ou= pa/j	752
2. Ou= – pa/j	752
3. Mh, ÄÄ pa/j	752
4. Ou= mh, ÄÄ pa/n	753
5. Pa/j – ou=	753
6. Pa/j – mh,	753
7. Pa/j – ou= mh,	753
8. Ou= – pa,ntej	753
9. Pa,ntej ou=	753
CHAPTER XVI. The Article	754-796
I. Other Uses of o`Ã h`Ã to,	754
II. Origin and Development of the Article	754
(a) A Greek Contribution	754
(b) Derived from the Demonstrative	755
III. Significance of the Article	755
IV. The Method Employed by the Article	756

xlix
(a) Individuals from Individuals	756
(b) Classes from Other Classes	757
(c) Qualities from Other Qualities	758
V. Varied Usages of the Article	758
(a) With Substantives	758
1. Context	758
2. Gender of the Article	759
3. With Proper Names	759
4. Second Mention (Anaphoric)	762
(b) With Adjectives	762
1. The Resumptive Article	762
2. With the Adjective Alone	762
3. The Article not Necessary with the Adjective	763
4. With Numerals	764
(c) With Participles	764
(d) With the Infinitive	765
(e) With Adverbs	765
(f) With Prepositional Phrases	766
(g) With Single Words or Whole Sentences	766
(h) With Genitive Alone	767
(i) Nouns in the Predicate	767
(j) Distributive	769
(k) Nominative with the Article=Vocative	769
(1) As the Equivalent of a Possessive Pronoun	769
(m) With Possessive Pronouns	770
(n) With Au=to,j	770
(o) With Demonstratives	770
(p) With [Oloj, Pa/j ( [Apaj)	771
(q) With Polu,j	774
(r) ;Akrojà a}Hmisujà ;Escatojà Me,soj	775
(s) With ;Alloj and ;Eteroj	775
(t) Mo,noj	776
VI. Position with Attributives	776
(a) With Adjectives	776
1. Normal Position of the Adjective	776
2. The Other Construction (Repetition of the Article)	776
3. Article Repeated Several Times	777
4. One Article with Several Adjectives	777
5. With Anarthrous Substantives	777
6. With Participles	777
(b) With Genitives	779
1. The Position between the Article and the Substantive	779
2. Genitive after the Substantive without Repetition of the Article	779
3. Repetition of Article with Genitive	780

l
4. The Article Only with Genitive	780
5. Article Absent with Both	780
6. The Correlation of the Article	780
(c) With Adjuncts or Adverbs	782
1. Between the Article and the Noun	782
2. Article Repeated	782
3. Only with Adjunct	782
4. Only with the Noun	782
5. When Several Adjuncts Occur	783
6. Phrases of Verbal Origin	784
7. Exegetical questions	784
8. Anarthrous Attributives	784
(d) Several Attributives with Kai,	785
1. Several Epithets Applied to the Same Person or Thing	785
2. When to be Distinguished	786
3. Groups Treated as One	787
4. Point of View	787
5. Difference in Number	788
6. Difference in Gender	788
7. With Disjunctive Particle	789
VII. Position with Predicates	789
VIII. The Absence of the Article	790
(a) With Proper Names	791
(b) With Genitives	791
(c) Prepositional Phrases	791
(d) With Both Preposition and Genitive	792
(e) Titles of Books or Sections	793
(f) Words in Pairs	793
(g) Ordinal Numerals	793
(h) In the Predicate	794
(i) Abstract Words	794
(j) Qualitative Force	794
(k) Only Object of Kind	794
IX. The Indefinite Article	796
CHAPTER XVII. Voice	797-820
I. Point of View	797
(a) Distinction between Voice and Transitiveness	797
(b) Meaning of Voice	798
(c) Names of the Voices	798
(d) History of the Voices	793
(e) Help from the Sanskrit	798
(f) Defective Verbs	799
II. The Active Voice	799
(a) Meaning of the Active Voice	799

li
(b) Either Transitive or Intransitive	799
(c) Effect of Prepositions in Composition	800
(d) Different Tenses Vary	800
(e) The Active as Causative	801
(f) Active with Reflexives	802
(g) Impersonal Active	802
(h) Infinitives	802
(i) Active Verbs as Passives of Other Verbs	802
III. The Middle Voice	803
(a) Origin of the Middle	803
(b) Meaning of the Middle	803
(c) Often Difference from Active Acute	804
(d) The Use of the Middle not Obligatory	804
(e) Either Transitive or Intransitive	806
(f) Direct Middle	806
(g) Causative or Permissive Middle	808
(h) Indirect Middle	809
(i) Reciprocal Middle	810
(j) Redundant Middle	811
(k) Dynamic (Deponent) Middle	811
(1) Middle Future, though Active Present	813
(m) The Middle Retreating in the N. T.	814
IV. The Passive Voice	814
(a) Origin of the Passive	814
(b) Significance of the Passive	815
(c) With Intransitive or Transitive Verbs	815
(d) The Passive Usually Intransitive	816
(e) Aorist Passive	816
(f) Future Passive	818
(g) The Agent with the Passive Voice	820
(h) Impersonal Construction	820
CHAPTER XVIII. Tense	821-910
I. Complexity of the Subject	821
1. The Difficulty of Comparing Greek Tenses with Germanic Tenses	821
2. Bad Influence of the Latin on Greek Grammarians	822
3. Absence of Hebrew Influence	822
4. Gradual Growth of the Greek Tenses	822
5. "Aktionsart" of the Verb-Stem	823
6. The Three Kinds of Action Expressed in Terms of Tense	824
7. Time Element in Tense	824
8. Faulty Nomenclature of the Tenses	825

lii
9. The Analytic Tendency (Periphrasis)	826
10. The Effect of Prepositions on the Verb	826
11. "Aktionsart" with Each Tense	828
12. Interchange of Tenses	829
II. Punctiliar Action	830
1. The Aorist	831
(a) Aktionsart in the Aorist	831
( a) Constative Aorist	831
( b) Ingressive Aorist	834
( g) Effective Aorist	834
(b) Aorist Indicative	835
( a) The Narrative or Historical Tense	835
( b) The Gnomic Aorist	836
( g) Relation to the Imperfect	837
( d) Relation to the Past Perfect	840
( e) Relation to the Present	841
( z) Relation to Present Perfect	843
( h) Epistolary Aorist	845
( q) Relation to the Future	846
( i) Aorist in Wishes	847
( k) Variations in the Use of Tenses	847
( l) Translation of the Aorist into English	847
(c) The Aorist Subjunctive and Optative	848
( a) No Time Element in Subjunctive and Optative	848
( b) Frequency of Aorist Subjunctive	848
( g) Aktionsart	850
( d) Aorist Subjunctive in Prohibitions	851
( e) Aorist Subjunctive with ou= mh,	854
( z ) Aorist Optative	854
(d) The Aorist Imperative	855
( ,e) The Aorist Infinitive	856
(f) The Aorist Participle	858
( a) Aktionsart	858
( b) `O and the Aorist Participle	859
( g) Antecedent Action	860
( d) But Simultaneous Action is Common also	860
( e) Subsequent Action not Expressed by the Aorist Participle	861
( z) Aorist Participle in Indirect Discourse (Complementary Participle)	864
2. Punctiliar (Aoristic) Present	864
(a) The Specific Present	865
(b) The Gnomic Present	866
(c) The Historical Present	866
(d) The Futuristic Present	869
3. The Punctiliar (Aoristic) Future	870
(a) Punctiliar or Durative	870

liii
(b) The Modal Aspect of the Future	872
( a) Merely Futuristic	873
( b) The Volitive Future	874
( g) Deliberative Future	875
(c) The Future in the Moods	876
( a) The Indicative	876
( b) The Subjunctive and Optative	876
( g) The Infinitive	876
( d) The Participle	877
(d) The Periphrastic Substitutes for the Future	878
III. Durative (Linear) Action	879
1. Indicative	879
(a) The Present ( o` e=nestw,j) for Present Time	879
( a) The Descriptive Present	879
( b) The Progressive Present	879
( g) The Iterative or Customary Present	880
( d) The Inchoative or Conative Present	880
( e) The Historical Present	880
( z) The Deliberative Present	880
( h) The Periphrastic Present	880
( q) Presents as Perfects	881
( i) Perfects as Presents	881
( k) Futuristic Presents	881
(b) The Imperfect for Past Time	882
( a) Doubtful Imperfects	882
( b) The Descriptive Tense in Narrative	883
( g) The Iterative (Customary) Imperfect	884
( d) The Progressive Imperfect	884
( e) The Inchoative or Conative Imperfect	885
( z) The "Negative" Imperfect	885
( h) The "Potential" Imperfect	885
( q) In Indirect Discourse	887
( i) The Periphrastic Imperfect	887
( k) Past Perfects as Imperfects	888
(c) The Future for Future Time	888
( a) The Three Kinds of Action in the Future (futuristic, volitive, deliberative)	889
( b) The Periphrastic Future	889
2. Subjunctive and Optative	889
3. Imperative	890
4. Infinitive	890
5. Participle	891
(a) The Time of the Present Participle Relative	891
(b) Futuristic	891
(c) Descriptive	891
(d) Conative	892
(e) Antecedent Time	892
(f) Indirect Discourse	892

liv
(g) With the Article	892
(h) Past Action Still in Progress	892
(i) “Subsequent” Action	892
(j) No Durative Future Participles	892
IV. Perfected State of the Action	892
1. The Idea of the Perfect	892
(a) The Present Perfect	892
(b) The Intensive Perfect	893
(c) The Extensive Perfect	893
(d) Idea of Time in the Tense	894
2. The Indicative	894
(a) The Present Perfect	894
(a) The Intensive Present Perfect	894
( b) The Extensive Present Perfect=a completed state	895
( g) The Present Perfect of Broken Continuity	896
( d) The Dramatic Historical Present Perfect	896
( e) The Gnomic Present Perfect	897
( z) The Perfect in Indirect Discourse	897
( h) Futuristic Present Perfect	898
( q) The "Aoristic" Present Perfect	898
( i) The Periphrastic Perfect	902
( k) Present as perfect	903
(6) The Past Perfect	903
( a) The Double Idea	903
( b) A Luxury in Greek	903
( g) The Intensive Past Perfect	904
( d) The Extensive Past Perfect	904
( e) The Past Perfect of Broken Continuity	905
( z) Past Perfect in Conditional Sentences	906
( h) The Periphrastic Past Perfect	906
( q) Special Use of e=kei,mhn	906
(c) The Future Perfect	906
3. The Subjunctive and Optative	907
4. The Imperative	908
5. The Infinitive	909
(a) Indirect Discourse	909
(b) Perfect Infinitive not in Indirect Discourse	909
( a) Subject or Object Infinitive	909
( b) With Prepositions	909
6. The Participle	909
(a) The Meaning	909
(b) The Time of the, Tense	909
(c) The Perfect Tense Occurs with Various Uses of the Participle	910
(d) The Periphrastic, Participle	910
CHAPTER XIX. Mode	911-1049
Introductory	911
A. Independent or Paratactic Sentences	914

lv
I. The Indicative Mode	914
1. Meaning of the Indicative Mode	914
2. Kinds of Sentences Using the Indicative	915
(a) Either Declarative or Interrogative	915
(b) Positive and Negative	917
3. Special Uses of the Indicative	918
(a) Past Tenses	918
( a) For Courtesy	918
( b) Present Necessity, Obligation, Possibility, Propriety in Tenses of the Past	919
( g) The Apodosis of Conditions of the Second Class	921
( d) Impossible Wishes	923
(b) The Present	923
(c) The Future	924
II. The Subjunctive Mode	924
1. Relations to Other Modes	924
(a) The Aorist Subjunctive and the Future Indicative	924
(b) The Subjunctive and the Imperative	925
(c) The Subjunctive and the Optative	925
2. Original Significance of the Subjunctive	926
3. Threefold Usage	928
(a) Futuristic	928
(b) Volitive	930
(c) Deliberative	934
III. The Optative Mode	935
1. History of the Optative	935
2. Significance	936
3. The Three Uses	937
(a) Futuristic or Potential	937
(b) Volitive	939
(c) Deliberative	940
IV. The Imperative	941
1. Origin of the Imperative	941
2. Meaning of the Imperative	941
3. Disappearance of the Imperative Forms	941
4. Alternatives for the Imperative	942
(a) The Future Indicative	942
(b) The Subjunctive	943
(c) The Optative	943
(d) The Infinitive	943
(e) The Participle	944
5. Uses of the Imperative	946
(a) Command or Exhortation	946
(b) Prohibition	947
(c) Entreaty	947
(d) Permission	948

lvi
(e) Concession or Condition	948
(f) In Asyndeton	949
(g) In Subordinate Clauses	949
(h) The Tenses	950
(i) In Indirect Discourse	950
B. Dependent or Hypotactic Sentences	950
Introductory	950
(a) Use of Modes in Subordinate Sentences	950
(b) The Use of Conjunctions in Subordinate Clauses	951
(c) Logical Varieties of Subordinate Clauses	952
1. Relative Sentences	953
(a) Relative Sentences Originally Paratactic	953
(b) Most Subordinate Clauses Relative in Origin	953
(c) Relative Clauses Usually Adjectival	954
(d) Modes in Relative Sentences	955
(e) Definite and Indefinite Relative Sentences	956
(f) The Use of a;n in Relative Clauses	957
(g) Special Uses of Relative Clauses	960
(h) Negatives in Relative Clauses	962
2. Causal Sentences	962
(a) Paratactic Causal Sentences	962
(b) With Subordinating Conjunctions	963
(c) Relative Clauses	965
(d) Dia. to, and the Infinitive	966
(e) The Participle	966
3. Comparative Clauses	966
(a) The Relative o[soj	966
(b) Relative o[j with kata,	967
(c) Kaqo,ti in a Comparative Sense	967
(d) `Wj and its Compounds	967
4. Local Clauses	969
5. Temporal Clauses	970
(a) Kin to Relative Clauses in Origin and Idiom	970
(b) Conjunctions Meaning 'When'	971
(c) The Group Meaning 'Until' (‘While’)	974
(d) Some Nominal and Prepositional Phrases	977
(e) The Temporal Use of the Infinitive	978
(f) Temporal Use of the Participle	979
6. Final and Consecutive Clauses	980
(a) Kinship	980
(b) Origin in Parataxis	980
(c) Pure Final Clauses	981
( a) [Ina	981
( b) [Opwj	985
( g) `Wj	987
( d) Mh,à mh, poteà mh, pwj	987
( e) Relative Clauses	989
( z) The Infinitive	989
( h) The Participle	991

lvii
(d) Sub-Final Clauses	991
( a) [Ina	991
( b) [Opwj	994
( g) Mh,à mh, pwjà mh, pote	995
( d) The Relative Clause	996
( e) The Infinitive	996
( z) Ei= and o[ti	997
(e) Consecutive Clauses	997
( a) ;Ina	997
( b) [Wste	999
( g) `Wj	1000
( d) [Oti	1001
( e) The Relative	1001
( z) The Infinitive	1001
7. Wishes	1003
8. Conditional Sentences	1004
(a) Two Types	1004
(b) Four Classes	1004
( a) Determined as Fulfilled	1007
( b) Determined as Unfulfilled	1012
( g) Undetermined, but with Prospect of Determination	1016
( d) Remote Prospect of Determination	1020
(c) Special Points	1022
( a) Mixed Conditions	1022
( b) Implied Conditions	1022
( g) Elliptical Conditions	1023
( d) Concessive Clauses	1026
( e) Other Particles with ei= and e=a,n	1027
9. Indirect Discourse	1027
(a) Recitative [Oti in Oratio Recta	1027
(b) Change of Person in Indirect Discourse	1028
(c) Change of Tense in Indirect Discourse	1029
(d) Change of Mode in Indirect Discourse	1030
(e) The Limits of Indirect Discourse	1031
(f) Declarative Clauses	1032
( a) [Oti and the Indicative	1032
( b) The Infinitive	1036
( g) The Participle	1040
( d) Kai. e=ge,neto	1042
(g) Indirect Questions	1043
( a) Tense	1043
( b) Mode	1043
( g) Interrogative Pronouns and Conjunctions Used	1044
(h) Indirect Command	1046
( a) Deliberative Question	1046
( b) The Conjunctions i[na and o[pwj	1046
( g) The Infinitive	1046

lviii
(i) Mixture	1047
(j) The Subordinate Clause	1048
10. Series of Subordinate Clauses	1048
CHAPTER XX. Verbal Nouns	1050-1141
I. Kinship	1050
II. The Infinitive	1051
1. Origin	1051
2. Development	1052
(a) The Prehistoric Period	1052
(b) The Earliest Historic Period	1052
(c) The Classic Period from Pindar on	1054
(d) The Koinh, Period	1054
(e) The Later Period	1056
3. Significance	1056
4. Substantival Aspects of the Infinitive	1058
(a) Case (Subject or Object Infinitive)	1058
(b) The Articular Infinitive	1062
(d) The Infinitive with Substantives	1075
(e) The Infinitive with Adjectives	1076
(f) The Infinitive with Verbs	1077
(g) The Appositional Infinitive	1078
5. Verbal Aspects of the Infinitive	1079
(a) Voice	1079
(b) Tense	1080
(c) Cases with the Infinitive	1082
(d) The Infinitive in Indirect Discourse	1082
(e) Personal Construction with the Infinitive	1085
(f) Epexegetical Infinitive	1086
(g) Purpose	1087
(h) Result	1089
(i) Cause	1091
(j) Time	1091
(k) The Absolute Infinitive	1092
(1) Negatives	1093
(m) ;An with the Infinitive	1095
III. The Participle	1095
1. The Verbals in -- toj and — te,oj	1095
2. History of the Participle	1098
(a) The Sanskrit Participle	1098
(b) Homer's Time	1098
(c) The Attic Period	1098
(d) The Koinh,	1099
(e) Modern Greek	1099
3. Significance of the Participle	1100
(a) Originally an Adjective	1100
(b) The Addition of the Verbal Functions	1101

lix
(c) The Double Aspect of the Participle	1101
(d) Relation between Participle and Infinitive	1101
(e) Method of Treating the Participle	1103
4. Adjectival Aspects of the Participle	1104
(a) Declension	1104
(b) Attributive Participle	1105
( a) Anarthrous	1105
( b) Articular	1106
(c) Predicate Participle	1108
(d) The Participle as a Substantive	1108
(e) The Participle as an Adverb	1109
5. Verbal Aspects of the Participle	1110
(a) Voice	1110
(b) Tense	1111
( a) Timelessness of the Participle	1111
( b) The Aorist	1112
( g) The Present	1115
( d) The Perfect	1116
( e) The Future	1118
(c) Cases	1119
(d) The Supplementary Participle	1119
( a) The Periphrastic Construction	1119
( b) A Diminution of the Complementary Participle	1120
( g) Verbs of Emotion	1121
( d) Indirect Discourse	1122
(e) The Circumstantial Participle	1124
( a) The General Theory	1124
( b) Varieties of the Circumstantial Participle	1125
( g) The Absolute Participle in Subordinate Clauses	1130
(f) The Independent Participle in a Sentence	1132
(g) Co-ordination between Participles	1135
(h) Ou= and mh, with the Participle	1136
(i) Other Particles with the Participle	1139
CHAPTER XXI. Particles	1142-1193
I. Scope	1142
II. Intensive or Emphatic Particles	1144
1. Limitations	1144
2. The N. T. Illustrations	1147
(a) Ge,	1147
(b) Dh,	1149
(c) Ei= mh,nà nh, and nai,	1150
(d) Me,n	1150
(e) Pe,r	1153
(f) Toi,	1154
III. Negative Particles	1155
1. The Objective ou= and its Compounds	1155
(a) Origin	1155

lx
(b) History	1156
(c) Meaning	1156
(d) Uses	1156
(i) The Indicative	1157
( a) Independent Sentences	1157
( b) Subordinate Clauses	1158
(ii) The Subjunctive	1160
(iii) The Optative	1161
(iv) The Imperative	1161
(v) The Infinitive	1162
(vi) The Participle	1162
(vii) With Nouns	1163
(e) Kai. Ou=	1164
(f) Redundant or Pleonastic Ou=	1164
(g) Repetition of Ou=	1164
(h) The Intensifying Compound Negative	1164
(i) The Disjunctive Negative	1165
2. The Subjective Negative Mh, and Its Compounds	1166
(a) The History of Mh,	1166
(b) Significance of Mh,	1167
(c) Uses of Mh,	1168
(i) The Indicative	1168
(ii) The Subjunctive	1169
(iii) The Optative	1170
(iv) The Imperative	1170
(v) The Infinitive	1170
(vi) The Participle	1172
(vii) Nouns	1172
(d) The Intensifying Compounds with Mh,	1172
(e) Kai. mh,	1173
(f) Disjunctive Use of Mh,	1173
3. Combination of the Two Negatives	1173
(a) Mh. ou=	1173
(b) Ou= mh,	1174
IV. Interrogative Particles	1175
1. Single Questions	1175
(a) Direct Questions	1175
(i) No Particle at All	1175
(ii) The Use of Negative Particles	1175
(iii) Other Particles	1176
(iv) Interrogative Pronouns	1176
(v) Interrogative Conjunctions	1176
(b) Indirect Questions	1176
(i) Pronouns	1176
(ii) Conjunctions	1177
2. Double Questions	1177
(i) Direct	1177
(ii) Indirect	1177

lxi
V. Conjunctions	1177
1. Paratactic Conjunctions	1177
(a) Copulative	1177
(i) Te,	1178
(ii) Kai,	1179
(iii) De,	1183
(iv) =Alla,	1185
(b) Adversative	1186
(i) De,	1186
(ii) =Alla,	1186
(iii) Plh,n	1187
(iv) Me,ntoi	1188
(v) [Omwj	1188
(vi) Ei= mh,	1188
(c) Disjunctives	1188
(i) ;H	1188
(ii) Ei;teÄÄ ei;te $e=a,nte – e=a,nte%	1189
(iii) Ou;teÄÄou;te $mh,te— mh,te%	1189
(d) Inferential Conjunctions	1189
(i) ;Ara	1189
(ii) Ga,r	1190
(iii) Ou=n	1191
2. Hypotactic Conjunctions	1192
VI. Interjections	1193
CHAPTER XXII. Figures of Speech	1194-1208
I. Rhetorical, not Grammatical	1194
II. Style in the N. T.	1194
III. Figures of Idea or Thought	1198
IV. Figures of Expression	1199
(a) Parallels and Contrasts	1199
(b) Contrasts in Words	1200
(c) Contraction and Expansion	1201
(d) Metaphors and Similar Tropes	1206
ADDITIONAL NOTES	1209-1221
1. Kaqari,zw or kaqeri,zw	1209
2. Prothetic Vowels hi the N. T	1209
3. Elision	1210
4. Parrhsi,a	1210
5. Assimilation of e=n me,sw|	1210
6. Rules for Assimilation of Consonants	1210
7. Metathesis	1210
8. Enclitics and Proclitics	1211
9. Boustrofhdo,n	1211
10. Perfect of o`ra,w	1211
11. Augment in the Past Perfect	1211
12. List of Important Verbs	1212-1220
13. Ablaut	1220

lxii
INDEX OF SUBJECTS	1223-1248
INDEX OF GREEK WORDS	1249-1290
INDEX OF QUOTATIONS	1291-1376
(a) New Testament	1291
(b) Old Testament	1361
(c) Inscriptions	1366
(d) Papyri and Ostraca	1367
(e) Greek Literature	1372
(i) Classical	1372
(ii) Koinh,	1373
(f) Latin	1376
ADDENDA TO THE SECOND EDITION	1377
ADDENDA TO THE THIRD EDITION	1385
INDEX TO ADDENDA TO SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS	1433-1454
Index of Subjects in the Addenda	1435
Index of Greek Words in the Addenda	1439
Index of Quotations in the Addenda	1443